After a careful process of selecting the core research team, the Contending Modernities Authority, Community, and Identity (ACI) working group on Indonesia formally launched in 2015 to begin a three-year research project to better understand the complex issues facing plural societies and to foster possible collaborations among various actors, religious and secular, at different levels: local and global, individuals and communities. The working group first convened in April, 2015 to think boldly and imaginatively together about conceptualizing an interdisciplinary and cross-cultural collaboration by scholars, religious leaders, educators, and activists.
The working group addressed the broad issues of the changing dynamics of authority, community, and identity in the largest Muslim majority country in the world: Indonesia. Given that Indonesia is the third largest democratic country (after India and the United States), it has much to teach about managing religious diversity. Indonesia is a laboratory for research on the changing dynamics of authority, community, and identity with diverse religions and more than three hundred different ethnicities and languages spread across over six thousand islands. Now home to more than 200 million Muslims–and with a significant number of Christians, including Catholics–Indonesia is a newly consolidated democracy in which new models of pluralist coexistence are today reformulated, promoted, and contested.
The shared vision of the Indonesian working group was informed by at least three issues. The first was how to generate and energize a broad conversation about the changing patterns of authority, community, and identity in the modern context. Second, how to situate this working group within a broader framework of research and, third, how to translate the research into a broader public discourse.
The first shared vision was informed by the very idea of “contending modernities” to understand the ways in which Christian, Muslim, and secular forces interact, collaborate, negotiate, and contend with one another in the modern world. While each member of the working group engaged different issues, their overarching concern revolved around problems of coexistence, which involve at least some degree of interaction, cooperation, and collaboration across the lines of religious and ethnic divisions. However, in the process we can expect some tensions, contention, and contestation.
The topic of coexistence was itself of obvious importance in the context of our working group. Coexistence can be seen as a lens through which we seek to understand themes of contending authorities, communities, and identities in plural and dynamic interaction. We took seriously the rich and contending varieties of religious as well as secular actors and the ways in which they worked together or contended with one another in addressing the most pressing problems at various levels.
We envisioned this working group to be a catalyst for conversations among various research institutes and think-tanks that would open new paths forward for constructive collaboration across religious communities and between religious and secular actors. In order to energize and shape a serious conversation–not only among a small group of scholarly academics and researchers, but with broader and diverse participation from opinion leaders–it was important for the Indonesian working group to bring other local research think-tanks and representative thinkers from the three discursive communities (Christian, Muslim, and secular) into direct conversation and collaboration.
This led us to the last vision, namely, how to translate our research into a broader public discourse. While this working group was first and foremost a scholarly enterprise, it was also designed to impact public discourse, influence educational content and practice, and place scholarship in the service of informed policymaking. With external actors and opinion-leaders as interlocutors, the Indonesian working group was in a position to promote deeper intercultural and interreligious conversations on issues of peaceful coexistence so as to improve the quality of public discourse and policy making.
Given the complexity of “contending modernities” in general, and the shifting nature of the authority, community, and identity in particular, the working group sought to foster public deliberation through dialogue between Muslim and Catholic scholars, along with representatives of other religious traditions and secular perspectives. The goal was to stimulate learned public discourse, improve education, and enhance the project of peaceful coexistence through shared perspectives within pluralized societies–both locally and globally–by providing accessible information, analysis, evaluation, and policy-relevant studies.
Therefore, we anticipated that the outcomes and products of our working group would represent an unusual effort to marry theory and practice in fostering multiple forms of coexistence.
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Publications
“Scaling-Up Pluralism: A Project on Local-National Collaborations for Pluralist Co-Existence in Contemporary Indonesia”
Robert Hefner and Zainal Abidin Bagir
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- Hefner, Robert W, and Zainal Abidin Bagir. 2021. Indonesian Pluralities: Islam, Citizenship, and Democracy. 1st edition. Notre Dame, Ind: University of Notre Dame Press.
“Transforming Javanese Inter-Religious Literacy among Young People”
Nicholas Adams and Eckhard Zemmrich
- Zemmrich, Eckhard. 2020. “Making Sense of Shifts in Perspectives: Perceiving and Framing Examples of Interreligious Learning in Indonesia.” Islam & Christian Muslim Relations 31 (2): 151–72. https://doi.org/10.1080/09596410.2020.1782096.
- Zemmrich, Eckhard and Nicholas Adams. 2017. “Inter-Religious Literacy Among Young People in Indonesia: Contrasting Frameworks.” Contending Modernities, April 18, 2017. https://contendingmodernities.nd.edu/field-notes/indonesia-contrasting-frameworks/
- Adams, Nicholas and Eckhard Zemmrich. 2017. “Inter-Religious Literacy Among Young People in Indonesia: Contrasting Locales.” Contending Modernities, March 27, 2017. https://contendingmodernities.nd.edu/field-notes/youth-inter-religious-literacy/
“Public Diplomacy & Interfaith Relations: Authority, Community, and Identity in Indonesia’s Ministry of Foreign Affairs”
James Hoesterey
- Hoesterey, James B. 2020. “Islamic Soft Power in the Age of Trump: Public Diplomacy and Indonesian Mosque Communities in America.” Islam & Christian Muslim Relations 31 (2): 191–214. https://doi.org/10.1080/09596410.2020.1773617.
- Hoesterey, James B. 2021. “Saints, Scholars, and Diplomats: Religious Statecraft and the Problem of ‘Moderate Islam’ in Indonesia.” In Religious Pluralism in Indonesia, edited by Chiara Formichi, 185–206. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press. https://doi.org/10.1515/9781501760464-011.
- Hoesterey, James B. “Rebranding Islam: Public Diplomacy, Soft Power, and the Making of “Moderate Islam.” Contending Modernities, April 20, 2016. https://contendingmodernities.nd.edu/field-notes/aci-indonesia-rebranding-islam-public-diplomacy-soft-power-and-the-making-of-moderate-islam/
- Hoesterey, James B. “Total Diplomacy, Cash Diplomacy, and the Fate of “Moderate Islam.” Contending Modernities, April 7, 2017. https://contendingmodernities.nd.edu/field-notes/total-diplomacy/
“Changing Dynamics of Peaceful Coexistence in Lombok: Contending Authorities and Muslim-Hindu-Christian Relations”
Mohamad Nasir
- Nasir, Mohamad Abdun. 2020. “Conflict, Peace, and Religious Festivals: Muslim-Hindu-Christian Relations on the Eastern Indonesian Island of Lombok.” Interreligious Studies and Intercultural Theology 4 (1): 102–23. https://doi.org/10.1558/isit.36471.
- Nasir, Mohamad Abdun. 2020. “Religion, Law, and Identity: Contending Authorities on Interfaith Marriage in Lombok, Indonesia.” Islam & Christian Muslim Relations 31 (2): 131–50. https://doi.org/10.1080/09596410.2020.1773618.
- Nasir, Mohamad Abdun. 2017. “Religious Festivals, Community Engagement and Peaceful Co-Existence.” Contending Modernities, February 9, 2017. https://contendingmodernities.nd.edu/field-notes/religious-festivals-and-peaceful-co-existence
“Religious Authorities, Minorities and Identities: Intra-Islamic and Inter-Religious Relations in Post-Conflict Aceh, Indonesia”
- Ichwan, Moch Nur, Arskal Salim, and Eka Srimulyani. 2020. “Islam and Dormant Citizenship: Soft Religious Ethno-Nationalism and Minorities in Aceh, Indonesia.” Islam & Christian Muslim Relations 31 (2): 215–40. https://doi.org/10.1080/09596410.2020.1780407.
- Srimulyani, Eka, Marzi Afriko, M. Arskal Salim, and Moch Nur Ichwan. 2018. “Diasporic Chinese Community in Post-Conflict Aceh: Socio-Cultural Identities, and Social Relations with Acehnese Muslim Majority.” Majalah Al-Jamiah 56 (2): 395–420. https://doi.org/10.14421/ajis.2018.562.395-420.
- Arskal Salim, Moch. Nur Ichwan, Eka Srimulyani, Marzi Afriko. 2025. Shari´a, Citizenship, and Identity in Aceh. 1st ed. Notre Dame: University of Notre Dame Press.
- Salim, Arskal. 2017. “Living Under Islamic Authority: Identity and Community Among Non-Muslims in Aceh.” Contending Modernities, February 27, 2017. https://contendingmodernities.nd.edu/field-notes/living-islamic-authority-identity-community-among-non-muslims-aceh/
- Ichwan, Moch Nur. 2017. Faith, Ethnicity, and Illiberal Citizenship: Authority, Identity, and Religious “Others” in Aceh’s Border Areas.” Contending Modernities, February 27, 2017. https://contendingmodernities.nd.edu/field-notes/faith-ethnicity-illiberal-citizenship-authority-identity-religious-others-acehs-border-areas/
- Srimulyani, Eka. 2017. “Intersectionality of Religion and Social Identity: The Chinese of Banda Aceh.” Contending Modernities, June 13, 2017. https://contendingmodernities.nd.edu/field-notes/chinese-banda-aceh/
“Women Strengthening Pluralist Co-Existence in Contemporary Indonesia: Analyzing the role of Komnas Perempuan and the Koalisi Perempuan”
Nelly van Doorn-Harder
- Hidayati, Mega, and Nelly van Doorn Harder. 2020. “‘I Love Jesus Because Jesus Is Muslim’: Inter- and Intra-Faith Debates and Political Dynamics in Indonesia.” Islam & Christian Muslim Relations 31 (2): 173–90. https://doi.org/10.1080/09596410.2020.1780389.
- Doorn-Harder, Nelly van. 2019. “Purifying Indonesia, Purifying Women: The National Commission for Women’s Rights and the 1965–1968 Anti-Communist Violence.” Cross Currents (New Rochelle, N.Y.) 69 (3): 301–18. https://doi.org/10.1111/cros.12380.
- Syamsiyatun, Siti. 2018. “Ethical Discernment and Coexistence.” Contending Modernities, January 22, 2018. https://contendingmodernities.nd.edu/field-notes/ethical-discernment-coexistence/
- Doorn-Harder, Nelly van. 2017. “Gender, National Identity, And Nation-Building: Komnas Perempuan & Koalisi Perempuan Indonesia.” Contending Modernities, January 25, 2017. https://contendingmodernities.nd.edu/field-notes/gender-national-identity-and-nation-building/
Doorn-Harder, Nelly van and Farsijana Adeney-Risakotta. 2016. “Women Strengthening Pluralist Co-Existence in Contemporary Indonesia: Analyzing the Role of Komnas Perempuan and the Koalisi Perempuan.” Contending Modernities. June 2, 2016. https://contendingmodernities.nd.edu/field-notes/women-strengthening-pluralism/
Mun’im Sirry, ACI Indonesia PI
- Sirry, Mun’im A. 2024. Youth, Education, and Islamic Radicalism : Religious Intolerance in Contemporary Indonesia. Notre Dame, Indiana: University of Notre Dame Press.
- Sirry, Mun’im. 2020. “‘Contending Modernities’ in Indonesia: An Introduction.” Islam and Christian–Muslim Relations 31 (2): 129–30. https://doi.org/10.1080/09596410.2020.1773090.

